As you are likely well aware, this week marks the 100th anniversary of John Coltrane's birth and writers and friends of the Free Jazz Blog were asked to contribute their personal thoughts on his music and influence. The parameters for the contributions were loose, only that it should be something personal and if it so happened that an album appeared more than once, that was fine, as what it meant to the writer was surely different. We ended up with our biggest feature ever! For the next two weeks we will be featuring reflections, reviews, and anecdotes about Coltrane and his groundbreaking music. We begin today an introduction from Sammy Stein.
Enjoy!
Paul Acquaro
By
Sammy Stein
FJC is celebrating John Coltrane’s 100th year. For anyone
unfamiliar with his music, the following offers a brief overview of why
Coltrane is ranked amongst the greatest of musicians.
Through his approach, style, delivery, and unmistakable sound, Coltrane
powered through the door that Ornette Coleman and others had left ajar,
revealing jazz’s powerful, emotive, and transformational heart. Nothing
post-Coltrane is untouched by his influence. His was not a deliberate
subversion of traditional jazz, but an uncalculated stream of events,
personal, spiritual, and historical, that converged in a confluence that
formed his music.
Coltrane’s mother bought him a saxophone when he was sixteen, and he was
influenced by players including Illinois Jacquet. His grandparents were
ordained ministers, his parents met through the church, and Coltrane grew up
influenced by religion. He chose a different path – that of music and was
not discouraged by family, yet later in his life, it was God who helped him
save his music and career.
Without his spiritual reawakening, Coltrane’s career may have faded. Early
on, he was supported by musicians who recognised his prodigious talent.
However, he became addicted to drugs and would arrive for gigs unshaven and
in smelly, wrinkled clothes. He might fall asleep on stage. Miles Davis
fired him, and Dizzy Gillespie didn’t follow suit only because of their
friendship and his respect for Coltrane’s talent.
At the nadir of his life, Coltrane reached out to God. He described a
revelation he had when God spoke to him, and he set about composing
exquisite music, praising God and teaching his followers. He said, “My goal
is to live the truly religious life and express it through my music. If you
can live it, there’s no problem about the music, because it’s part of the
whole thing.”
Coltrane’s first wife, Naima, was central to his early spiritual journey. A
practicing Muslim, she helped him understand God’s presence in their lives.
With her support, he overcame addiction within a year. His second wife,
Alice, became his spiritual partner and musical collaborator. A pianist and
harpist, she understood Coltrane’s desire to contribute to a greater purpose
through music.
Some of Coltrane’s music has an intangible quality. He understood the
spiritual and temporal worlds, and his music fused the two, expressing deep
spiritual inquiry alongside the mortal complexities of personality. Jazz
became a place where the human condition could be expressed with unflinching
honesty and transcendent beauty.
Coltrane was playing at a time when conditions were ripe for rebellion and
change, and he was profoundly affected by events of his time, especially the
civil rights movement, initially siding with Malcolm X before aligning with
Martin Luther King Jr’s belief in peaceful but persistent protest. He
performed eight benefit concerts to support Martin Luther King Jr’s cause.
His music channeled anger at racism and discrimination, despair at
humanity’s darkness, and the beauty of praise and worship. He had faced the
demons of addiction and won, and his music reflected beauty, was personal
yet spoke to millions.
The murder of four African American girls in the KKK bombing in Birmingham,
Alabama, in 1963 profoundly affected Coltrane. Two months after the event,
he took McCoy Tyner, Jimmy Garrison, and Elvin Jones into Rudy Van Gelder's
studio and recorded ‘Alabama’, later released on the album Live At
Birdland (Impulse 1964).
As discontent rose, Coltrane’s modal technique challenged preconceived ideas
about traditional jazz. Under his and other musicians’ tenure, jazz, ever
the mirror of society, became more dissonant and unruly.
Coltrane’s music is as relevant today as it was in the 1960s. The messages
are clearly and profoundly expressed and cut to the core impulses of
humanity. Because of his uncloaked humanity, listening to Coltrane feels as
emergent and alive for someone encountering the music today as it did to
listeners forty years, or ten years ago.
Coltrane’s near-mythical status was helped by the Blue Note label, which
signed Coltrane and other players, seen as risky at the time, and some
iconic images, notably photographs by Francis Wolff, a skilled photographer
and executive of Blue Note. Of over 33,000 pictures Wolff took (probably
more), his images of John Coltrane in moments of intense concentration or
creativity seem to capture the musician's essence.
One of Coltrane’s gifts was his ability to perform as a soloist or as part
of an ensemble. Pieces like Davis’s’ ‘Milestones’ with ‘Cannonball’ Adderley
(alto sax) and Coltrane (tenor sax) responding to Davis’s trumpet with
twists and turns within the original mode laid a template for modal playing
(try also Coltrane's’ Spiral’ and ‘Naima’ from Giant Steps (Atlantic
1959)). Modal jazz led away from traditional jazz and toward free jazz. Free
playing was where Coltrane was headed.
In the 1960s, some journalists described early free jazz as a poison to
jazz, and Downbeat critics described Coltrane and Dolphy’s playing as
‘nihilistic exercises’ and ‘anti-jazz.’ Miles Davis found free jazz
difficult to embrace initially. However, a few years later Davis, like
Coltrane and others, found free jazz liberating. Coltrane, like many
free-playing musicians, connected the evolution of the music with a
deepening of self-realization and the strengthening and expression of their
beliefs. Alongside fellow musicians Yusef Lateef, Sonny Rollins, and others,
Coltrane pursued musical mastery and self-realization.
In his suite A Love Supreme (Impulse, 1965), Coltrane expressed
his love and awe of God, and the final movement is based on a devotional
poem he wrote. He studied different religions and philosophies, including
the Indian philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti, which he was introduced to by
Bill Evans.
Coltrane perhaps expressed his love for God most during his free playing.
His tracks ‘Love’ and ‘The Father, And The Son And the Holy Ghost’ on Meditations (Impulse 1965), albums Ascension (Impulse 1966), Om (Impulse, recorded 1965, released 1966), and ‘Peace on Earth’ from Infinity (Impulse, recorded 1966, released 1972), reflect his beliefs.
Coltrane used the ferocity of his playing and complex techniques as a way of
worship. He said he created music for God and others and wanted to be the
opposing force to evil. Even those unaware of his driving beliefs find
something special, untouchable, and unique in his music.
Coltrane, Art Blakey, Yusef Lateef, and other musicians became part of the
Ahmadiyya sect of Islam, which forbids the intake of drugs and alcohol.
Coltrane said, "My music is the spiritual expression of what I am - my
faith, my knowledge, my being. When you begin to see the possibilities of
music, you desire to do something really good for people, to help humanity
free itself from its hang-ups…I want to speak to their souls.”
Some found Coltrane’s later music, with its contradictions and unresolved
transitions, less pure than his earlier recordings, but for many, they
remain some of the best work produced by any jazz musician.
Two weeks before his death, Coltrane discussed opening a music venue without
alcohol as he realized this had masked his creativity.
After Coltrane died in 1967, aged just forty, Alice kept pushing musical
boundaries, and her music took on a profoundly spiritual element. She
collaborated with Ornette Coleman, Pharoah Sanders, and many others, and her
music traversed from blues-infused melodies to unfathomable sonic journeys,
but it was beautiful, and her talent won armies of devotees, so, partly
through Alice, Coltrane’s legacy remained. Also through his sons. John Jr,
Ravi, and Oranyan. Oranyan started playing jazz with his brothers but has
gone into trance and electronic music production. John Jr was a promising
bassist but was killed in a car accident when he was 17, and Ravi is a jazz
musician. Alice’s grandnephew, Steven Ellison, AKA Flying Lotus, is a record
label owner, producer, rapper, and DJ. Many of his recordings feature jazz
samples.
Coltrane’s music and persona continue to influence music and musicians. From
those who followed directly, including Pharoah Sanders, Lonnie Liston, Sun
Ra, Don Cherry, and John McLaughlin, to nearly every jazz musician today.
In 2016,’ Alabama’ was included in John DeJohnette's 2016 album In
Movement (ECM), and on this recording, sons of the original artists,
including saxophonist Ravi Coltrane (son of Coltrane) and bassist Matthew
Garrison (son of bassist Jimmy Garrison), played.
Coltrane’s music has been sampled on recordings by hip hop artists, younger
jazz musicians, and many others. FJC is celebrating the fact that Coltrane
left his influence, and there are some great pieces following this
introduction. It is impossible to adequately record the influence of John
Coltrane on the music that followed, but we can try. As a jazz musician
recently said to me, ‘Don’t worry, just stick on some ‘Trane.”
Perhaps more than any other jazz musician, John Coltrane showed there is a
way to play from the heart without constraints. When you can do that, you
allow your true spirit to reveal itself. Like ‘Trane.